경성대 대학원 석사 논문자격 외국어 영어 시험 hear and now and no birds sing 해석본

경성대 대학원 석사 졸업 논문 청구 자격시험
외국어 영어 대비 해석본입니다~

https://m.happycampus.com/exam-doc/25083263/#detail

경성대학교 대학원 석사 외국어 시험 And no birds sing 시험자료

38. And No Birds Sing.

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① Over increasingly large areas of the United States, spring now comes unheralded by the return of the birds, and the early mornings are strangely silent where once they were filled with the beauty of bird song. This sudden silencing of the song of birds, this obliteration of the color and beauty and interest they lend to our world have come about swiftly, insidiously, and unnoticed by those communities are as yet unaffected.

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② From the town of Hinsdale, Illinois, a housewife wrote in despair to one of the world’s leading ornithologists, Robert Cushman Murphy, Curator Emeritus of Birds at the A,erican Museum of Natural History.

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③ Here in our village the elm trees have been sprayed for several year(she wrote in 1958). When we moved here six years ago, there was a wealth of bird life; I put up a feeder and had a steady stream of cardinals, chickadees, downies and nuthatches all winter, and the cardinals and chickadees brought their young ones in the summer.

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④ After several years of DDT spray, the town is almost devoid of robins and starlings; chickadees have not been on my shelf for two years, and this year the cardinals are gone too; the nesting population in the neighborhood seem to consist of one dove pair and perhaps one catbird family.

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⑤ It is hard to explain to the children that the birds have been killed off, when they have learned in school that a Federal law protects the birds from killing or capture. “Will they ever come back?” They ask, and I do not have the answer. The elms are still dying, and so are the birds. Is anything being done? Can anything be done? Can I do anything?

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⑥ A year after the Federal Government had launched a massive spraying program against the fire ant, an Alabama woman wrote: “Our place has been a veritable bird sanctuary for over half a century. Last July we all remarked, ‘There are more birds than ever.’ Then, suddenly, in the second week of August, they all disappeared. I was accustomed to rising early to care for my favorite mare that had a young filly. There was not a sound of the song of a bird. It was eerie, terrifying. What was man doing to our perfect and beautiful world? Finally, five months later a blue jay appeared and a wren.”

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⑦ The autumn months. Ro which she referred brought other somber reports from the deep South, where in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama the Field Note published quarterly by the National Audubon Society and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service noted the striking phenomenon of “black spots weirdly empty of virtually all bird life.” The field Notes are a compilation of the reports of seasoned observers who have spent many years afield in their particular areas and have unparalleled knowledge of the normal bird life of the region. One such observer reported that in driving about southern Mississippi that fall she saw “no land birds at all for long distances,” Another in Baton Rouge reported that the contents of her feeders had lain untouched “for weeks in end,” while fruiting shrubs in her yard, that ordinarily would be stripped clean by that time, still were laden with berries, Still another reported that his picture window, “which often used to frame a scene splashed with the red fo 40 or 50 cardinals and crowed with other species, seldom permitted a view od as many as a bird or two at a time.” Professor Maurice Brooks of the University of West Virginia, an Authority on the birds of the Appalachian region, reported that the West Virginia bird population had undergone “an incredible reduction.”

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⑧ One story might serve as the tragic symbol of the fate of the birds a fate that has already overtaken some species, and that threatens all. It is the story od the robin, the bird known to everyone. To millions of Americans, the seasons first robin means that the grip of winter is broken. Its coming is an event reported in newspapers and told eagerly at the breakfast table. And as the munger of migrants grows and the first mists of green appear in the woodlands, thousands of people listen for the first dawn chorus of the robins throbbing in the ealry morning light. But now all is changed, and not even the return of the birds may be taken for granted.

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⑨ The survival of the robin, and indeed of many other species as well, seems fatefully linked with the American elm, a tree that is part of the history of thousands of town from the Atlantic to the Rockies, gracing their streets and their village squares and college campuses with majestic archways of green. Now the elms are stricken with a disease that affects them throughout theirs range, a disease so serious that many experts believe all efforts to say the elms will in the end be futile. It world be tragic to lose the elms, but it would be doubly tragic if, in vain efforts to save them, we plunge vast segments of our bird populations in to the night of extinction. Yet this is precisely what is threatened.

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⑩ The so-called Dutch elm disease entered the United States from Europe about 1930 un elm burl logs imported for the veneer industry. It is a fungus disease; the organism invades the water-conductiong vessels of the tree, spreads by spores carried in the flow of sap, and by its poisonous secretions as well as by mechanical clogging causes the branches to wilt and the tree to died. The disease is spread from diseased to healthy trees by elm bark beetles. The galleries which the insects have tunneled out under the dark of dead trees become contaminated with spores of the invading fungus, and the spores adhere to the insect body and are carried wherever the beetle files. Effect to control the fungus disease of the elms have been directed largely toward control of the carrier insect. In community after community, especially through the strongholds of the American elm, the Midwest and New England, intensive spraying has become a routine procedure.

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⑪ What this spraying could mean to bird life, and especially to the robin, was first made clear by the work of two ornithologists at Michigan State University, Professor George Wallace and one of his graduate students, John Mehner. When Mr. Mehner began work for the doctorate in 1954, He chose a research project that had to do with robin populations. This was quite by chance, for at that time no one suspected that the robins were in danger. But even as he undertook the work, events occurred that were to change its character and indeed to deprive him of him material.

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⑫ Spraying for Dutch elm disease began in a small way on the university campus in 1954. The following year the city of East Lansing(where the university is located) joined in, spraying in the campus was expanded, and, with local programs for gypsy moth and mosquito control also under way, the rain of chemicals increased to a downpour.

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⑬ During 1954, the year of the first spraying, all seemed well. The following spring the migrating robins began to return to the campus as usual. Like the bluebells in Tomlinson`s haunting essay “The Lost Wood,” they were “expecting no evil” as they reoccupied their familiar territories. But soon it become evident that something was wrong. Dead and dying robins began to appear on the campus. Few birds were seen in their normal foraging activities or assembling in their usual roosts. Few nests were built; few young appeared. The pattern was repeated with monotonous regularity in succeeding springs. The sprayed area had become a lethal trap in which each wave of migrating robins would be eliminated in about a week. Then new arrivals world come in, only to add to the numbers of doomed birds seen on the campus in the agonized tremors that precede death.

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⑭ “The campus is serving as a graveyard for most of the robins that attempt to take up residence in the spring,” said Dr. Wallace. But why? At first he suspected some disease of the nervous system, but soon it become evident that “in spite of people’s assurances of the insecticide that their sprays were ‘harmless to birds’ the robins were really dying of insecticidal poisoning; they exhibited the well-known symptoms of loss of balance fallowed by tremors, convulsions, and death.”

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⑮ Several facts suggested that the robins were being poisoned not so much by directs contact with the insecticides as indirectly by eating earth worms. Campus earth worms had been fed inadvertently to crayfish in a research project and all the crayfish had promptly died. A snake kept in a laboratory cage had some into violent tremors after being fed such worms. And earthworms are the principal food of robins in the spring.

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